Timeshift 系统备份
使用 Timeshift 进行系统备份和恢复
备份
使用 timeshift 的图形界面，可以很方便的进行系统备份。
恢复
同样使用 timeshift 的图形界面，可以很方便的进行系统恢复。
和 debian 12 相比，有图形界面操作方便一些。
紧急恢复
重点是紧急情况下的恢复，主要是系统出现问题时，已经无法进入系统启动 timeshift，甚至连 恢复模式都无法进入。
这时候需要使用 livecd 启动系统，然后使用 timeshift 进行恢复。
使用 livecd 启动系统
下载 livecd 镜像，如我使用的是最新的 linux mint 22.1 iso，使用 rufus 制作启动盘，或者其他制作启动盘的工具，然后从 u盘启动进行 linux mint 的 livecd 系统。
准备 timeshift
在 livecd 系统中，默认已经安装有 timeshift 了，可以直接使用。
$ sudo apt install timeshift
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
timeshift is already the newest version (24.06.6+xia).
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
验证：
$ timeshift
Timeshift v24.06.6 by Tony George (teejeetech@gmail.com)
......
查看硬盘分区，找出来存放 timeshift 备份资料的硬盘分区：
$ lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE FSVER LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINTS
loop0 squashfs 4.0 0 100% /rofs
sda
├─sda1
└─sda2 ntfs data2 F48682FD8682BF9A 16.2T 1% /media/mint/data2
sdb
├─sdb1 exfat 1.0 Ventoy 4E21-0000
└─sdb2
nvme0n1
├─nvme0n1p1 vfat FAT32 CE01-9336
├─nvme0n1p2
├─nvme0n1p3 ntfs win11 DA5E38635E383A99
├─nvme0n1p4 ntfs 6AB8BA8AB8BA5473
├─nvme0n1p5 ntfs windata 6E7A55257A54EB7B
├─nvme0n1p6 ext4 1.0 7f899256-56e1-4b0f-aa86-a98009417b08 665.8G 6% /media/mint/7f899256-56e1-4b0f-aa86-a98009417b08
├─nvme0n1p7 ext4 1.0 f9cde109-c5a3-4be4-861c-bfd11a4f8c01 149.3G 15% /media/mint/f9cde109-c5a3-4be4-861c-bfd11a4f8c01
└─nvme0n1p8 exfat 1.0 data 6E51-13F3 1.8T 1% /media/mint/data
这里的 nvme0n1p7 是我存放 timeshift 备份资料的硬盘分区。记录下它的 UUID f9cde109-c5a3-4be4-861c-bfd11a4f8c01。另外注意 nvme0n1p1 这个 fat32 分区是 efi 分区，后面会用到。
修改 timeshift 配置文件，设置备份硬盘分区：
$ sudo nano /etc/timeshift.json
找到 "backup_device": null, 这一行，修改为：
"backup_device": "UUID=f9cde109-c5a3-4be4-861c-bfd11a4f8c01",
检查当前 timeshift 备份情况：
$ sudo timeshift --list
First run mode (config file not found)
Selected default snapshot type: RSYNC
Mounted '/dev/nvme0n1p7' at '/run/timeshift/3932/backup'
Live Session detected, backup is disabled.
Device : /dev/nvme0n1p7
UUID : f9cde109-c5a3-4be4-861c-bfd11a4f8c01
Path : /run/timeshift/3932/backup
Mode : RSYNC
Status : OK
4 snapshots, 160.3 GB free
Num Name Tags Description
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 > 2024-12-07_09-47-24 O D apt upgrade and install software
1 > 2024-12-07_10-59-16 O install whitesur and plank
2 > 2025-02-01_20-09-22 O D apt upgrade
3 > 2025-06-07_22-00-01 D
还好在系统崩溃前一天，有一个 daily 的自动备份，可以用来恢复系统。
恢复系统
sudo timeshift --restore
第一步是选择恢复到哪个备份，我选择的是 2025-06-07_22-00-01 这个备份。
First run mode (config file not found)
Selected default snapshot type: RSYNC
Mounted '/dev/nvme0n1p7' at '/run/timeshift/3969/backup'
Live Session detected, backup is disabled.
Select snapshot:
Num Name Tags Description
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 > 2024-12-07_09-47-24 O D apt upgrade and install software
1 > 2024-12-07_10-59-16 O install whitesur and plank
2 > 2025-02-01_20-09-22 O D apt upgrade
3 > 2025-06-07_22-00-01 D
Enter snapshot number (a=Abort, p=Previous, n=Next): 3
第二步是选择恢复到哪个硬盘分区，也就是操作系统 root 所在的硬盘分区。我这里选择的是 /dev/nvme0n1p6 这个分区：
******************************************************************************
To restore with default options, press the ENTER key for all prompts!
******************************************************************************
Press ENTER to continue...
Select '/' device (default = /dev/nvme0n1p6):
Num Device Size Type Label
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 > /dev/nvme0n1p6 819.2 GB ext4
1 > /dev/nvme0n1p7 204.8 GB ext4
[ENTER = Default (/dev/nvme0n1p6), r = Root device, a = Abort]
Enter device name or number: 0
第三步是选择 /boot/efi 所在的硬盘分区，我选择的是 /dev/nvme0n1p1 这个分区：
******************************************************************************
'/' will be on 'nvme0n1p6'
******************************************************************************
Select '/boot/efi' device (default = /dev/nvme0n1p1):
Num Device Size Type Label
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 > /dev/nvme0n1p6 819.2 GB ext4
1 > /dev/nvme0n1p7 204.8 GB ext4
[ENTER = Default (/dev/nvme0n1p1), r = Root device, a = Abort]
第四步是选择是否重新安装 GRUB2 引导程序，我选择的是重新安装，安装路径为默认的 /dev/nvme0n1：
******************************************************************************
'/boot/efi' will be on 'nvme0n1p1'
******************************************************************************
Re-install GRUB2 bootloader? (recommended) (y/n): y
Select GRUB device:
Num Device Description
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 > sda ATA TOSHIBA MG09ACA18TE [MBR]
1 > sdb SSSTC CV SSSTC CVB-8D128-HP [MBR]
2 > nvme0n1 YSSDHB-4TN7000 [MBR]
3 > nvme0n1p6 ext4, 819.2 GB GB
4 > nvme0n1p7 ext4, 204.8 GB GB
[ENTER = Default (/dev/nvme0n1), a = Abort]
Enter device name or number (a=Abort):
之后备份开始，会提示数据将会在哪些设备上修改：
******************************************************************************
GRUB Device: /dev/nvme0n1
******************************************************************************
======================================================================
WARNING
======================================================================
Data will be modified on following devices:
Device Mount
-------------- ---------
/dev/nvme0n1p6 /
/dev/nvme0n1p1 /boot/efi
恢复的日志如下：
......
......
# 忽略文件复制内容
......
......
......
sent 136,537,349 bytes received 26,063 bytes 13,006,039.24 bytes/sec
total size is 20,035,908,269 speedup is 146.72
Updated /etc/fstab on target device: /run/timeshift/4101/restore/etc/fstab
Parsing log file...
Archiving: /run/timeshift/4101/backup/timeshift/snapshots/2025-06-07_22-00-01/rsync-log-restore
Re-installing GRUB2 bootloader...
Installing for x86_64-efi platform.
grub-install: warning: EFI variables cannot be set on this system.
grub-install: warning: You will have to complete the GRUB setup manually.
Installation finished. No error reported.
Updating GRUB menu...
Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub'
Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/50_linuxmint.cfg'
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-52-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-6.8.0-52-generic
Warning: os-prober will be executed to detect other bootable partitions.
Its output will be used to detect bootable binaries on them and create new boot entries.
grub-probe: error: cannot find a GRUB drive for /dev/sdb2. Check your device.map.
Found Windows Boot Manager on /dev/nvme0n1p1@/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings ...
done
Syncing file systems...
Cleaning up...
run-parts: executing /etc/timeshift/restore-hooks.d/50_linuxmint
Restore completed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Checking file systems for errors...
fsck from util-linux 2.39.3
e2fsck 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
/dev/nvme0n1p6 is mounted.
e2fsck: Cannot continue, aborting.
fsck from util-linux 2.39.3
fsck.fat 4.2 (2021-01-31)
There are differences between boot sector and its backup.
This is mostly harmless. Differences: (offset:original/backup)
65:01/00
Not automatically fixing this.
Dirty bit is set. Fs was not properly unmounted and some data may be corrupt.
Automatically removing dirty bit.
*** Filesystem was changed ***
Writing changes.
/dev/nvme0n1p1: 204 files, 37647/98304 clusters
E: Failed to remove directory
Ret=256
最后时刻有些报错，忽略即可。备份操作已经完成，文件已经复制到目标硬盘分区，引导程序也已经安装完成。
重启机器，正常进入系统。