hdparm命令
hdparm 命令用于显示与设定硬盘的参数，还可以测试硬盘的读取速度
介绍
在Linux下可以使用hdparm工具查看硬盘的相关信息或对硬盘进行测速、优化、修改硬盘相关参数设定。
安装
一般 ubutu server 都自带 hdparm 命令，如果没有则通过下面的命令安装：
sudo apt install hdparm
更新，如果遇到 HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device 错误：
$ sudo hdparm -tT /dev/nvme0n1p1
/dev/nvme0n1p1:
Timing cached reads: 20218 MB in 1.99 seconds = 10157.69 MB/sec
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Timing buffered disk reads: 5302 MB in 3.00 seconds = 1767.28 MB/sec
则需要更新 hdparm 的版本，一般 apt 安装的版本是 v9.58：
$ hdparm -V
hdparm v9.58
最新版本下载地址： https://sourceforge.net/projects/hdparm/
目前最新的版本是 v9.65，下载完成后执行：
tar xvf hdparm-9.65.tar.gz
cd hdparm-9.65
make
sudo make install
查看新安装的版本：
$ hdparm -V
hdparm v9.65
这个时候就不会再出现 HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device 的报错了。
实践案例
查看硬盘的相关设置
sudo hdparm /dev/sdb1
输出为：
/dev/sdb1:
SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
multcount = 0 (off)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 256 (on)
geometry = 401023/255/63, sectors = 6442448863, start = 2048
其中 geometry 的参数解释为：
geometry = 401023［柱面数］/ 255［磁头数］/ 63［扇区数］, sectors = 6442448863［总扇区数］, start = 2048［起始扇区数］
测试硬盘的读取速度
sudo hdparm -t /dev/sdb1
输出为：
/dev/sdb1:
SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Timing buffered disk reads: 9652 MB in 3.00 seconds = 3217.29 MB/sec
测试硬盘缓存的读取速度
sudo hdparm -T /dev/sdb1
输出为：
/dev/sdb1:
Timing cached reads: 25838 MB in 1.99 seconds = 12959.95 MB/sec
检测硬盘的电源管理模式
sudo hdparm -C /dev/sdb1
输出为：
/dev/sdb1:
SG_IO: bad/missing sense data, sb[]: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
drive state is: standby